Impact of Aids in Africa essays

Impact of Aids in Africa essays By the end of 1996 the estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the world was 22.6 million. Of that number, 14 million, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the total, were in sub-Saharan Africa (Wehrwein, 2000). Nearly two decades into the outbreak, the epidemic has spread throughout the sub region. While the epidemic has apparently peaked in parts of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo it is still rising in parts of Kenya and Southern Africa and is yet to become a major problem in most countries in West Africa. Clearly, HIV/AIDS has become a major public health problem and human crisis in Africa, straining heavily on health care and social service resources far beyond the capability of these sub-Sahara African countries (Wehrwein, 2000). In Africa, HIV/AIDS account for more than 50% of all adult admissions to hospitals, in addition to a significant number of pediatric admissions. The overall effect of HIV/AIDS on the social infrastructure in sub-Sahara Africa is staggering. Africa is seriously handicapped to deal with this disease. Most of the African government policies and programs are not adequately addressing the peoples need to combat this disease. Presently, the disease has overwhelmed the public health system in Africa. The social environment in Africa offers very little support for individuals infected with HIV/AIDS. Africa is seriously disadvantaged when it comes to establishing adequate programs that will address the needs of pregnant mothers/women infected with HIV, childr en born with HIV, and orphans who live in Africa. Since many economies in African countries are in flux, it is very difficult to determine the impact of AIDS on each countrys economy. However, it has been documented that this disease has multiple and complex effects on sustainable human development in sub-Sahara Africa. Due to the diseases erosion of the human resource base, the countries of Africa have...

How to Study for SAT Subject Tests 5 Expert Tips

How to Study for SAT Subject Tests 5 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking an SAT Subject Test soon and want to know how to be well prepared on exam day? You've come to the right place! In this guide, I explain everything you need to know about how to study for SAT Subject Tests, including which exam(s) you should take, the five most important steps for preparing for a Subject Test, and additional tips to help you maximize your score. This guide can be used to help you prepare for any and all of the 20 different Subject Tests offered, so let’s get started! Introduction to SAT Subject Tests Before we get into how to prepare for SAT Subject Tests, let’s go over some basic information on them. SAT Subject Tests are meant to measure your knowledge and skills in a specific area. This is in contrast to the ACT and regular SAT, both of which assess multiple subject areas.Some colleges require or recommend that you submit Subject Test scores when you apply to that school so they canget a better idea of your academic abilities. Each SAT Subject Test is an hour long, has 50-95 multiple-choice questions, and isscored on a scale of 200-800. SAT Subject Tests are offered several times a year, on all the same dates as the general SAT except for March. This means that SATSubject Tests are offered in the following months annually: May June August October November December However, not every Subject Test is available on every date. Check out our guide to learn the exact dates each Subject Test is offered.In most cases, you can take up to three Subject Tests in one day. Which SAT Subject Tests Should You Take? Before you can begin preparing for SAT Subject Tests, you need to decide which ones to take. The College Board offers 20 different SAT Subject Tests infive main areas. Here is the full list: English Literature History US History World History Languages Chinese with Listening French French with Listening German German with Listening Italian Japanese with Listening Korean with Listening Latin Modern Hebrew Spanish Spanish with Listening Mathematics Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics Level 2 Science Biology E/M Chemistry Physics The most important factor when deciding which Subject Test to take iswhat the colleges you’re thinking of applying to require or recommend. Some schools want you to take Subject Tests in the area you plan on majoring in, whereas others want one Subject Test score from Math/Science and another from Literature/History to show that you’re well rounded. In addition, some schools require or recommend only one Subject Test score, whereas others expect two or three. Be sure to research this information before you begin studying so you don’t end up preparing for and taking a Subject Test you didn’t actually need to take! The other factor to consider is which subject areas you are best in and/or enjoy the most.For example, if you did well in your chemistry class at school and need a science SAT Subject Test, you might want to consider the Chemistry Subject Test. Finally, it’s often easier to do well on Subject Tests that are closely related to classes you've already taken, especially AP classes. If you just took AP World History and studied a lot for the AP exam, you might not need to do much studying at all in order to prepare for the World History SAT Subject Test, especially if you take it in May right after your class ends. How to Study for SAT Subject Tests After you’ve figured out which SAT Subject Test you’ll be taking, follow these five steps in order to prepare for the exam. These steps cover everything you need to do from the time you begin studying up until test day. Step 1: Take an Initial Practice Test One of the first things you should do istakea full-length practice exam for the Subject Test you’re planning to take.Once finished, complete and score your practice exam to see how well you did. For more tips on how to find high-quality practice exams and how to take a practice test most effectively, check out the "How to Use Practice SAT Subject Tests Effectively" section below. Aim to get higher than the average score for that SAT Subject Testfor the most competitive school you’re applying to.You can sometimesfind average Subject Test scores on the admissions page of a school’s website. If you can’t find this information, though, consider contacting the school directly. You can also check outthe average score for each Subject Test. Ourguide shows you how well test takers do on each SAT Subject Test. But ifyou’re applying to a particularly competitive school, you’ll likely have to aim higher than just the average test score depicted on the chart. Try to aim for the top 25% of test takers, or even the top 5% if you’re applying totop-tier schools. Step 2: Decide How Much You Want to Study Once you have your practice test score, see how far it is from the goal score you’re aiming for. If your practice test score is pretty close to the score you’re hoping to get on the real Subject Test, you might only need to do light studying between now and the exam. If you have some ground to gain, you’ll likely want to do some more serious preparation. Keep reading to find out exactly what you'll need to do. Step 3: Gather the Materials You Need Now, it’s time to start gathering the materials you need to prepare for your SAT Subject Test.Study materials can include class notes as well as review books specifically focusing on the Subject Test you're taking.There are a lot of review books out there, but some of the most popular are those produced by Barron’s, Kaplan, and The Princeton Review. The College Board also offersofficial study books for some of the more popular Subject Tests, such as Math Level 1, Math Level 2, US History, and World History. However, these books are mostly just practice exams and explanations of answers as opposed to thorough content reviews. Visit the College Board's online store for a full list of SAT Subject Test study guides(or scroll down to the next section!). Alternatively, you might want to buyThe Official Study Guide for All SAT Subject Tests, which (as you probably guessed) providesan overview of the Subject Tests, quality practice questions, and one full-length practice test per exam.At present, the book sells for around $10 on Amazon. Finally, we at PrepScholar have created specific study guides to help you prepare for the Biology, Chemistry, Literature, Physics, US History, and World HistorySAT Subject Tests. Step 4: Create a Study Plan Developing a prep plan is important because it helps you commit to study times and track your progress.Try to set aside the same time to study each week, such as 2-4 pm on Sundays or 5-6:30 pm on Tuesdays and Thursdays.This will make it easier to remember when to study and allow you to plan other activities around your prep sessions. You should also set weekly or monthly goals you hope to accomplish. This will help track your progress and ensure you’re where you need to be. Example goals include things such as "I want to understand properties of functions by the end of the week," or "I want to raise my score 20 points by the end of the month." Be sure to also schedule time to take practice tests and track your progress. Ideally, you’ll take at least two practice tests before the real deal, with one at the beginning of your studying and one at the end. If you’re studying a lot or over a long period of time, you might want to schedule one or more additional practice tests during the middle of your studying. Step 5: Start Studying! Now, it’s time to get down to business and begin studying! When you’re reviewing material, your best bet is usually to use your prep book as your main resource,and use your class notes for any topics you want more in-depth information on. Trying to review all your class notes for a subject can be very time consuming and possibly not that helpful if your class didn’t focus on the same topics the Subject Test focuses on. Prep books, on the other hand, are specifically designed to focus exactly on what the Subject Test covers.Below, we give you more information about how to use practice tests as well asfinal tips for studying for SAT Subject Tests. How to Use Practice SAT Subject Tests Effectively Practice tests are one of the most important tools in helping you reach your SAT Subject Test score goals, so you want to use them wisely. These three guidelines will help you do just this. Stick With High-Quality Tests Your practice test results are only as good as the quality of the practice test itself.If your practice test isn’t very similar to the real Subject Test, you won’t be getting an accurate idea of how well you’re scoring or what skills you should improve. Practice tests from the College Board are the best sources to use since you can be sure they’ll give you a good idea of the real exam. As I mentioned above, the College Board'sThe Official Study Guide for All SAT Subject Testsincludes one previously administered exam for each of the 20 Subject Tests. So if you’re planning to take multiple Subject Tests, this is a great resource to use. There are also official prep books for the seven following SAT Subject Tests: Math Level 1 Math Level 2 US History World History Chemistry Biology Physics Unofficial practice books that are still high quality include those produced by Barron’s, Kaplan, and The Princeton Review. There are other resources out there, too, so it can help to go to a bookstore and flip through a few books or read online reviews to decide which resource is best for you. Take the Test Under Real Test Conditions In order to get the most accurate idea of where you're currently scoring on your SAT Subject Test, you need to make sure your practice test conditions are as realistic as possible.This means taking the test in one sitting, timed (each Subject Test is an hour), and with no distractions. Track Your Progress Tracking your practice test scores over time is one of the best ways to see whether and where you’ve made improvements. Almost every practice test has instructions on how to calculate your score, but if you get confused, you can alwayscheck out our guide for a review.Unlike the general SAT, for SAT Subject Testsyou lose a fraction of a point for each question you answer incorrectly, so too many random guesses could very well bring down your score. Here's how scoring works for Subject Tests(all the Subject Tests except the foreign language tests have five answer choices. Foreign languages tests have four answer choices): You get 1 point for each correct answer. A fraction of a point is subtracted for wrong answers: 1/4 point is subtracted for five-choice questions. 1/3 point is subtracted for four-choice questions. 1/2 point is subtracted for three-choice questions. No points are deducted for questions left blank. If yourfinal score is a fraction, it's rounded to the nearest whole number - 1/2 or more is rounded up; less than 1/2 is rounded down. If you aren’t improving as much as you want to, try using different prep resources or changing up the way you study. It might be helpful to focus more on taking practice tests, study at a different time or day, or use other study methods such as flashcards. 3 Tips for Getting Your Best SAT Subject Test Score Now that we've thoroughly covered the basics of how to study for SAT Subject Tests, here are three advanced tips to helpyou get your best score. Know Your Learning Style There is no one-size-fits-all study plan, and the best way to see the results you want is to use your learning style to your advantage.Maybe you’re a visual learner and need to see diagrams, charts, and images for the information you’re learning to sink in. Or perhaps you’re an auditory learner and learn best with audiobooks or podcasts. You might already know what your learning style is, but, if not, try out different methods of studying and see which work best. You can also alter the day of the week, time of day, and length of time you study to see if that makes any difference. Don't Passively Study It might be easiest to let your eyes drift over the pages you’re studying, but this rarely gets you the results you want.Try to make your studying as active as possible. This might mean drawing diagrams, making flashcards, having a friend quiz you, or even just pausing every few minutes to review what you’ve read and ensure you’re actually retaining the information. The less passive your studying is, the more likely you are to see significant improvements. Zero In on the Areas and Skills You Need to Improve When preparing for an SAT Subject Test, make sure you’re spending most of your time on the areas and skills you need to improve the most. If you’re studying for the World History Subject Test and are solid on European history but struggle with Asian history, don’t spend an equal amount of time reviewing Europe and Asia. Instead, you’ll want to spend more time focusing on important Asian events, periods, and people, and only come back to Europe for a quick, occasional review to make sure you still remember everything. By spending the majority of your time on the areas where you have the most room to improve, you’ll likely see score improvements more quickly. Summary: How to Study for SAT Subject Tests If you want to get top scores, you have to understand how to prepare for SAT Subject Tests.Follow these five steps in order to be well prepared for any Subject Test: Take an initial practice test Decide how much you need to study Gather the materials you need Create a study plan Start studying! Additionally, remember to use your practice tests effectively, practice active studying, and focus most of your time on the areas you need to make the biggest improvements in. What's Next? Wondering how to register for an SAT Subject Test? Our step-by-step guide walks you through everything you need to know to get started. Which is more important: AP tests or SAT Subject Tests? Learn how the two tests compareand which examsyou should spend more time preparing for. Not sure whether to take the Math Level 1 or Math Level 2 Subject Test? Our guide explains the differences between the two exams and helps you decide which one to take. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Social Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Marketing Plan - Essay Example So it is fair to say that the success of the company is not only in the number of customers but also in the use of social media (Drell, 2011, p. 123). Through adequate study on the impact of social media in marketing strategy, the company has formed its own guideline for controlling the interaction between the company and its customers. The Coca-Cola Company presence in social media is, therefore, incredibly vital in engaging its customers in the company’s operations and in facilitating constructive conversation between the company’s management and other stakeholders in the market (Coca-Cola, 2012, p. 37). The essay below therefore seeks to expound on the advantages and disadvantages of using social networking plan in Coca-Cola Marketing strategy. Coca-Cola brand is a highly valued brand in beverage and food industry. The brand is commonly known for its community involvement as well as its high sales in global market. On the other hand, to continue its dominance in glob al market, Coca-Cola Company has in the last two years actively involved itself in various social media platform. The company’s engagement in social media platform has as a result formed the bases for the company’s social marketing plan. ... In these two promotion strategies, the two teams were expected to use social media platforms such as YouTube Face-book and Twitter to identify what makes people happy in the world and to document the occurrences of the trip. Participants in the two activities used Face book and Twitter to express their experiences. The respondents’ comments were as posted in the Coca-Cola Face-book and Twitter pages Advantages To start with, the 2010 social marketing plans in Coca Cola Company proved to be very effective in the company’s internal and external operations. Internally, the use of social media tools triggered effective communication between the marketing team, communication department, and public relationship team (Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch, 2004, p. 509). Productive communication between the three teams led to the creation of an effective marketing strategy which has so far helped the Coca-Cola brand to be one of the most competitive products in global market. The compan y’s current marketing strategy has incorporated customers’ opinions and suggestions. The communication department has the mandate of updating the company’s social site and transferring the posted feedbacks to the department of public relation and marketing for action. Externally, the two promotion strategies were as well successful in linking the company to its customers. The two campaigns strategies helped the company contact more than 650 million customers in a span of 12 months. Most of the contacted customers created a very close link with the Coca-Cola brand thus advancing the brand reputation in global market. On the other hand, the two plans also demonstrated the involvement of

Overview of Marketing and Information Systems II Research Paper

Overview of Marketing and Information Systems II - Research Paper Example hnique and the procedure that are used for gathering, designing, analyzing and presenting the information that can be used in making the decision of marketing (Wrenn & Et. Al., 2006). Consumers are not only the purchaser of economic goods but they are the main fulcrum of business who adopts potential of free services, philosophies or ideas. Consumer behavior is basically a decision making process that the individuals engage themselves in when making a decision with regards to acquiring, evaluating, using or disposal of the goods after usage (Tyagi, 2004). The tutorial begins with the definition of marketing as well as the short history of marketing. The business buying behavior has been taught in the next section which tries to focus about the business market primarily and it comprises of the organizations that are basically into manufacturing, distribution of the product and services. It is because of the huge market which has been successful in drawing attention of thousands of companies. The tutorial proposes that the understanding of the business market is quite easier in comparison to the understanding of the consumer market. In case of consumer market, there is need to build a recognizable brand which is not very important in case of business market. But there are many cases which prove that business buying is more important than consumer buying. Therefore in this section called business buying behavior, the tutorial tries to focus more on the characteristics of business buying behavior. The tutorial also teaches what exactly s upply chain is. It teaches that supply chain is mostly involved in activities relating to creation of the product and delivery to the final consumers. The tutorial also emphasizes upon the ways to deal with the customers effectively and to understand the buying behavior of the customers and the methods employed by the companies to understand the decision process of the consumer. It also discusses the various factor that affect the

Modified Insertion Sort Algorithm: Binary Search Technique

Modified Insertion Sort Algorithm: Binary Search Technique Modified Insertion Sort Algorithm with Binary Search Technique: Application to Ranking of Images Retrieved by CBIR M. K. I. Rahmani M. A. Ansari Abstract—Due to the abundance of the high quality digital images in image repositories of very huge size on the ever growing Internet by enterprise houses, research institutions, medical healthcare organizations and academic institutions etc., finding a set of useful images from those image repositories with better precision and recall is a difficult task. Content Based Image Retrieval is a very efficient technology for retrieval of digital images from those databases. The process of image retrieval through CBIR has various phases like: Image segmentation, Feature extraction, Indexing, Clustering, Image matching through similarity measurement and Ranking of retrieved images through ordering them according to similarity value. The performance of a Content Based Image Retrieval system can be improved by improving the performance of some or all of these phases through designing better algorithms. Ranking of the Image data is very important to display the desired images to the in tended users. Images are retrieved according to the matching criteria was involved in the retrieval process. Retrieved images are ordered before they are displayed. For this ranking of the retrieved images are obtained through some easy and efficient sorting algorithm. Insertion sort is one of such algorithms but it is slow because of sequential search technique used to find the actual position of the next key element into the sorted portion of data. In this paper we have modified the insertion sort algorithm by using a novel technique of using binary search mechanism for finding the sorted location of the next key item into the previously sorted portion of the data quicker than conventional insertion sort algorithm. Performance on running time of the new algorithm has been compared with those of other conventional sorting algorithms. The results obtained on image matching parameter show that the new algorithm is better in performance than the conventional insertion sort and merge s ort algorithms. Performance of this algorithm is comparable to that of quick sort. Consequently, the new algorithm will improve the overall performance of Content Based Image Retrieval systems. Index Terms—Algorithm, Binary search, Sequential search, Insertion sort, Rahmani sort, Ranking, Image Ranking I. INTRODUCTION Many improvements have been introduced in searching and sorting algorithms during the last decade. Sorting is the process of arranging the elements in some ordered sequence which can be either in ascending, descending or lexicographic order [1]. Searching is the technique of finding the location of a key element or item in a database or a file. It is estimated that more than 25% of all computing time is spent on sorting the keys and some installations spending more than 50% of their computing time in sorting files [2]. As a matter of fact there has been done much research on the topic of sorting searching [3]. But there is not a single sorting technique which can be considered the best among the rest [2]. Bubble sort, selection sort and exchange sort are applicable for small input size, insertion sort for medium input size whereas quick sort, merge sort and heap sort are applicable for an application expecting large to huge data size [4, 5, 6]. All of the above sorting algorithms are comparison based algorithms and hence can be no faster than O(nlog2n) [5, 6], where O and n have their usual meanings. In this paper a new enhanced sorting algorithm has been introduced which shows more efficiency than the insertion sort and other sorting algorithms like bubble sort, quick sort and merge sort. The technique used for the enhancement in insertion sort is application of improved binary search, adapted from binary search, through which the location of the next element to be placed in the sorted left sub array can be found more quickly than the conventional sequential search used to find that location. The entire paper is organised in the following manner. In section II, the step by step method of the insertion sort is explained after some background work related to sorting technique. The other sorting algorithms like merge sort and quick sort are explained in section III. The new sorting algorithm, Rahmani sort is introduced and discussed in section IV. The analysis of Rahmani sort is done in section V. Results and comparison of performance of various sorting algorithms have been discussed in tabular forms in section VI along with the graphical description of the performance of various sorting algorithms. Finally the conclusions have been drawn and future scope of the research is mentioned in the section VII. Sorting Sorting is a process of arranging the available data items into an ordered sequence. The known ordered sequences have been increasing order, decreasing order, non-increasing order, non-decreasing order and lexicographic order. The process of sorting is applied to a collection of items prior to any such operation which may consume more time and/or space if applied without prior sorting. Definition of Sorting Formally a sorting technique can be defined based on partial order relation. The definition of partial order is given as below. Definition 1. Let R be a relation on a set S. For a, b, c à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S, if R is: a) Reflexive, i.e. aRa for every a à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S; b) Transitive, i.e. aRb ∠§ bRc ⇒ aRc; and c) Antisymmetric, i.e. aRb ∠§ bRa ⇒ a = b, then, R is a partial order on set S. Sorting is generally defined as an arrangement of a list of randomly input data by their key or themselves into a partial order R, where R implies ≠¤ particularly. Definition 2. For N elements a(1), a(2), , a(N) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S, sorting is a rearrangement of the elements in order to obtain a partial order a(si) R a(si+1) for ∀si, 1 ≠¤ si a(s1) ≠¤ a(s2) ≠¤ , , ≠¤ a(si) ≠¤ , , ≠¤ a(sN) Importance of sorting in computation There are two direct applications of sorting: first as an aid for searching and second as a tool to match entries in files. Broad areas of application of sorting fall in the solution of many other more complex problems, from database systems, networking, MIS, operations research and optimization problems. Sorting algorithm is one of the most fundamental techniques in computer science because of the following reasons. First, it is the basis of many other algorithms such as searching, pattern matching, information retrieval, knowledge based systems, digital filters, database systems, data statistics and processing, data warehousing, and data communications [1]. Second, it plays an important role in the teaching of design and analysis of algorithms, programming methodology, data structures and programming. Furthermore, it is a very challenging problem which has been widely and thoroughly studied [19-24]; the performance is dramatically improved [25-30] and considered the lower-bound of complexity has been reached [19, 20, 29, 30]. It is estimated that over 25% of all computing time is spent on sorting with some installations spending more than 50% of their computing time in sorting files. Consequently, study of sorting algorithms has great importance in the field of computing. A good knack of comprehension of the theoretical intricacies involved in the design and analysis of the underlying sorting algorithm is very much expected of a person who needs to implement the algorithm in real life applications. A Need of Sorting Algorithm with Reduced Complexity Unfortunately, there is no any single sorting technique which may be called the best among the rest. Bubble sort, insertion sort, selection sort and exchange sort are applicable for input data of small to medium size whereas quick sort, merge sort and heap sort are applicable for an application expecting large to huge data size. These sorting algorithms are caparison based and hence can be no faster than O (n log n). There are a few algorithms claiming to run in linear time but for specialized case of input data. So, there is an urgent need of a new sorting algorithm which may be implemented for all input data and it may also beat the lower bound (O (n log n)) of the problem of sorting. This work is an effort in that direction. What is a sorting algorithm? Sorting is a process of arranging the available data items into an ordered sequence. A sorting algorithm is a set of steps arranged in a particular sequence that puts the available data items into a certain order. The well-known ordered sequences have been increasing order, decreasing order, non-increasing order, non-decreasing order and lexicographic order. An efficient sorting mechanism is important to optimizing the design of other algorithms that require sorted data items to work correctly. Well-known ordered sequences Let r1, r2, r3, †¦ rn, be n number of input data items. Then any one of the following conditions must be satisfied for the input data items to be in a sorted sequence. Increasing order: For all 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ i à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼ ri+1. Decreasing order: For all 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ i à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¾ ri+1. Non-decreasing order: For all 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ i à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ ri+1. Non-increasing order: For all 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ i à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ ri+1. Lexicographic order: This is the order in which all the words of the English language are arranged in a dictionary. II. Background Work A. Basic Concepts Sorting [1] is a process of rearranging the available data items into an ordered sequence. An ordered sequence can be any one of the known ordered sequences: increasing order, decreasing order, non-increasing order, non-decreasing order or lexicographic order [2]. A sorting algorithm is a set of steps arranged in a particular sequence that puts the available data items into a certain order. An efficient sorting technique is important to optimize the design of other algorithms that would need sorted key items to work properly and efficiently. For an application, a sorting algorithm is selected according to its computational complexity and ease of implementation. For a typical sorting algorithm ideal behavior is O(n), good behavior is O(n logn) and bad behavior is O(n ²) [1, 2]. The lower bound of time complexity of sorting algorithms using only comparison operation keys is O(n logn) [5, 6]. A sorting algorithm is easier to implement if its number of passes and the number of comparisons along with the actual number of swaps required to be performed can be easily predicted. Efficiency of the algorithm can be improved whenever it becomes possible to reduce the number of comparisons along with the actual number of swaps required to be performed. B. Classical Insertion Sort Algorithm This approach is based on the natural technique of sorting in day to day life by the human beings. Insertion sort is the simple sorting algorithm used in computation for the medium size data items or files. In the classical insertion sort approach the sorting of array elements is performed by inserting each element into its proper position in the previously sorted array. Insertion sort is considered to be faster than bubble sort and selection sort. It is very suitable algorithm for implementation using linked lists though its array implementation is more popular. C. The procedure The array is considered to be logically partitioned into two parts namely the first part and the second part. The first logical part has to be remained sorted always. Initially the first part is having only one element which is the first element of the input array and the second part comprises the rest of the input array. In the beginning, first part is automatically sorted because a single element is sorted by the definition of sorting. In each pass of the algorithm, the first element of the second part is separated from it before it is inserted into the first part’s proper position so that after its insertion the first part remains sorted. Before the start of the last pass of insertion sort, there is only one element remaining in the second part of the array, which is inserted into a proper position of the first part of the array and then the algorithm terminates. Shifting of elements may be required before we insert the current element in its sorted position. Shift operatio ns cost the most in array implementation of insertion sort. A formal description of Insertion sort algorithm InsertionSort (a, n) ‘a’ is an array of size ‘n’ starting at position 1; elements of ‘a’ will be sorted on termination. 1 for j ↠ 2 to n do 2 key ↠ a[j] 3 i ↠ j 1 4 while i > 0 and a[i] > key do 5 a[i+1] ↠ a[i] 6 i ↠ i-1 7 a[i+1] ↠ key Time complexity of Insertion sort is O(n2) and space complexity is O(n). Performance of insertion sort can be improved by quickly finding the location of an element and then by minimizing the number of shift operations required to be performed in its each iteration. Working of Insertion Sort algorithm Fig. 1 The operation of Insertion Sort on the array A = (14, 8, 20, 4, 6, 1) III. Other Sorting Techniques A. Merge Sort Merge sort is based on divide and conquer paradigm. The elements which are to be sorted are collected into an array. This array is divided into two sub arrays of almost equal sizes in top-down manner. Each one of the two sub arrays are again divided into their two constituent sub arrays of almost equal sizes respectively. This division process of the newly formed sub arrays will continue unless their size becomes unity. At size of unity, first of all, the sub array cannot be further divided and secondly the single element in the sub array is sorted, by the definition of sorting. After the last stage of division process, when all newly formed sub arrays are of unit size, the merging of the relevant unsorted sub arrays starts taking place in bottom-up manner with a view to form a sorted sub array (which was previously unsorted) for the next stage. The process of merging continues in the same manner unless the original array gets sorted. While division is a trivial job, the algorithm has to do the most critical job while merging the unsorted sub arrays into a sorted one. Time complexity of the Merge sort algorithm is ÃŽËœ(n logn) which is optimal. The major benefit of Merge sort is its stability and ease of implementation. The drawback associated with this algorithm is additional space requirement of ÃŽËœ(n) for the auxiliary array. B. Quick Sort Quick sort is also based on divide and conquer principle. Quick sort works by partitioning a given array A[p . . r] into two sub arrays A[p . . q] and A[q+1 . . r] such that every key in A[p . . q] is less than or equal to every key in A[q+1 . . r]. Then the two sub arrays are sorted through recursive calls to Quick sort. The exact position of the partition depends on the given array and index ‘q’ is computed as a part of the partitioning process. The main advantages of Quick sort is that it only uses an auxiliary stack and requires only n logn time to sort n items. The drawback associated with this algorithm is that it requires quadratic (i.e. n2) times in worst case. In this case, the situation can be simply overlooked by mistake and hence may cause serious problems. IV. Rahmani Sort Algorithm A. The Concept In the classical insertion sort, we place the first element from the second logical sub array into a proper position of the previously sorted first logical sub array. But while finding the proper position of the element to be inserted, in the left sub array, a simple linear search approach is used which has a time complexity of O(n). Even this linear time complexity of searching the proper location of the element to be inserted may be quite considerable. That is why insertion sort is not a suitable sorting algorithm for sorting large number of elements. So, by improving the search procedure adopted in insertion sort algorithm, somehow or the other, the performance of insertion sort can be improved. The proposed new sorting algorithm called Rahmani sort algorithm is based on the new concept of inserting the first element of unsorted sub array into the sorted position of the sorted sub array. The classical Insertion sort takes O(n2) time. Rahmani sort algorithm is enhancement of Insertion sort by decreasing the time of finding the position of the new element in the sorted sub array. In the following sub section the differences between the Insertion sort and the Rahmani sort are being discussed. B. The Procedure The procedure of Rahmani sort for arranging the input array in ascending order is being describes as below: C. The Algorithm Rahmani Sort is comprising of two sub algorithms, one is RahmaniSort(a, n) and another one is iBinary(a, lower, upper, mid). Here, a = Array of key items to be sorted. n = Total number of elements in the array ‘a’. lower = Lower index of the array ‘a’. upper = Upper index of the array ‘a’. mid = Middle index of the array ‘a’. Algorithm for Rahmani Sort RahmaniSort(a, n) 1 for i ↠ 2 to n do 2 temp ↠ a[i] 3 j ↠ iBinary(a, 0, i – 1, temp) 4 while i > j do 5 a[i] ↠ a[i – 1] 6 i ↠ i – 1 7 a[j] ↠ temp 8 return In the above algorithm, the element would be inserted in its proper position in the left sub array after shifting the rest of the array to the right side by one position. The iBinarySearch algorithm below above is used for finding the position of the largest element which is less than the key element stored in ‘temp’. After finding this position, each element of the sub array from this position onwards will be shifted to the right by one position. The shifting will start from the right hand side. Algorithm for Improved Binary Search iBinary(a, lower, upper, temp) 1 flag ↠ 0 2 loc ↠ 0 3 mid ↠ (lower + upper)/2 4 repeat while lower 5 mid ↠ (lower + upper)/2 6 if mid = a[mid] then 7 loc ↠ mid + 1 8 flag ↠1 9 if mid 10 upper ↠ mid – 1 11 else 12 lower ↠ mid + 1 13 if flag = 0 then 14 return lower 15 else 16 return loc à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ This paragraph of the first footnote will contain the date on which you submitted your paper for review. It will also contain support information, including sponsor and financial support acknowledgment. For example, â€Å"This work was supported in part by the U.S. Depart ­ment of Com ­merce under Grant BS123456†. The next few paragraphs should contain the authors’ current affiliations, including current address and e-mail. For example, F. A. Author is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (e-mail: [emailprotected] boulder.nist.gov). S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA (e-mail: [emailprotected]).

The Master Gardener

English 1301 Week 3 The Descriptive Essay Gwendolyn Wiley The Master Gardener We arrive at First Christian Church and as we approach the large red doors, I began to reflect on the days, months, and years past. A man awaits us just past those huge red doors known as the world’s greatest gardener. As a child, I remember this building seeming so large with its tall beautiful painted windows similar to the ones you might find in a Roman Catholic Cathedral. The edifice and structure of the building covered with large dark red rocks that remind you of giraffe spots.I would visit often, as a child the air of the place seems sacred and holy. The building towers up as a grand ole castle of the days of old. On the side of this massive structure, lies a beautiful garden. When we enter, the huge archway there is a feeling that you are entering into the garden of God, filled with beautiful pink gardenias, fiery red roses, white lilies, and yellow daisies the lawn always freshly manicured w ith a look of a green sea that flows through the entire garden leaving you feeling tranquil about life.The dogwood trees would bloom each spring filling the air with sweet incense that the creator would seem to smile. They stretched forth as though they struggled to find their way to the sky almost like the twisted frame of the man that cared for them. This is Jimmy’s garden. Charles James Jackson aka Jimmy a small frame man with those big gray eyes and grand smile could bring light in the darkest of rooms. He gives bone-crushing hugs to all he met. He served as a custodian, caretaker, and trustee at First Christian Church.Jimmy dedicated over fifty years of service to this community. He polished with great care and attention to detail all the grand brass within the structure. He gave such care of the large brass bells, which he rang during each wedding, baby dedication and coming of age ceremony as though he gave his approval of each act. He would witness more than three gen eration of children from birth to marriage of this great congregation. He gave advice to each generation as though they were his own children showing that great smile ensuring each felt his love by giving a bone crushing hug.Jimmy a humped back man only because he stops to bend down to hug and pick up so many children. Everyone loves Jimmy Mr. Gilmore a lifelong friend of Jimmy’s says, â€Å"God has a master gardener now†. Jimmy’s garden is a landmark in Meridian Ms everyone knows where First Christian Church is because of this elaborate garden. As the first leaf of autumn falls so does Jimmy entering into the final resting place as a seed the way so many in which he planted.Jimmy Jackson my father passed away October 19, 2012. His little three room white house with a porch covered with flowers and plants left as a reminder of that spectacular gardener. During the funeral there were more than a dozen people stand and proclaim how Jimmy influenced their lives, ma ny would paint a portrait of him so vivid it seemed that an entirely different person was lying inside that cold gray casket. The most vivid remembrance to me is that knee-slapping laugh.He laughs deeply each time he laughs it seems as though it comes from a place so deep within him he almost falls over. Oh, the way he could laugh, it is a infectious laugh. If you did not know what he was saying, you laugh because he is laughing. Jimmy Jackson, the man with a green thumb, warm heart, and bright smile is gone but not forgotten. This is the world’s greatest gardener and I will echo Mr. Gilmore now God has a master gardener. Charles James Jackson we miss you, we love you rest in peace until we meet again.

A Secret Weapon for Psychology Multiple Choice Questions

A Secret Weapon for Psychology Multiple Choice Questions Like most things, it's far better start at the start. No matter what type of test you're writing, your target is to rate your students' learning. There's an assortment of absolutely free pub quiz questions 2017 rounds with a great deal of varied questions for the entire family to answer, covering all kinds of categories that are fun, interesting and will help to improve your knowledge! Consider how impossible it's to multiply huge numbers in your head, but how simple it is on paper. Ok, I Think I Understand Psychology Multiple Choice Questions, Now Tell Me About Psychology Multiple Choice Questions! The greatest multiple-choice exams concentrate on the material, test students in an easy and straightforward way, and prevent pitfalls that could distract or mislead students. Eighteen kinds of assignments are discussed. In order to reach a better score, it's important to comprehend the way the different concepts and topics of psychology relate to one another, which will enable you on the FRQs together with the multiple choice section. You'll have learned the majority of the material by the center of the second semester, which means you will be capable of using practice tests to judge your skills more accurately. Psychology Multiple Choice Questions - Is it a Scam? If you would like a copy of the questions only, print only the very first page. The answers list is extremely easy to access so if you discover any of the questions somewhat tricky, just click the answers link! All questions are going to be a multiple choice format. The introductory questions which you ask ought to be simple, pleasant and interesting. Whenever you have answered all of the multiple choice questions, return and review your answers. Multiple choice questions also arrive in many diverse formats. A multiple answer question must include a very clear question and a set of potential alternatives. On longer tests, there are frequently questions or answers which will help you answer a few of the questions you didn't know. You won't have the ability to move onto the completely free response section until the 70 minutes are up anyway, so when you have spare time you should use it. Although studies of people with brain damage can give a lot of information regarding brain function, it's limited because many people with brain damage have a tendency to get a significant number of cognitive troubles. For instance, the very first response is labeled with an A and so forth. Some individuals claim that multiple-choice tests can be beneficial for measuring whether students may analyze material. Cognitive neuroscientists have started to examine recall and recognition memory also. Tests ought to be constructed to teach. Practice tests are a few of the very best review tools for AP Psychology. Such questions serve to check the learners' judgment abilities or comprehension of an in-depth subject. 100 multiple choice questions isn't a simple endeavor, but nonetheless, it still possible for any student. So make sure to read all the choices before answering. When you have created your question choices, you can specify if you would like them to be shown in a specific order, or randomly shuffled. Related the point 4, always work to rule out any answers you know are not correct. It's fine to think about one for a small bit but in the event that you can't get it within just a little bit, go ahead. In the event you keep asking each detail, you're wind up asking survey questions that may seem off track. In order to be sure your tests are effective and accurate assessment tools, below are some things to bear in mind. The Chronicles of Psychology Multiple Choice Questions The pitch may be difficult sell to busy professors, however, at least at first. In recall, on the flip side, no potential answers are available (if you don't cheat) but need to be generated. Said owners aren't affiliated with Educator.com. Hence the answer is control condition. Pose a question rather than a statement. Ask the respondent only 1 question at a moment. Additionally if more questions on a distinct subject area or topic are requested to create a bigger sample then statistically their degree of knowledge for this topic is going to be reflected more accurately in the range of correct answers and final outcomes. By way of example, always exchange the product, would suggest that the learner should provide an exchange under any conditions. Keep this in mind when you consider using more than 1 dropdown question in your survey. The new choice is going to be added to the bottom of the existent list of alternatives. You may change your solution by merely clicking on another alternate. In the event the suitable answer doesn't jump out at you right away, see if you're able to eliminate a few of the options as definitely erroneous.